The following details can be downloaded in DWG format or viewed online in DWF™ (Design Web Format™) or Adobe Acrobat PDF by clicking on the appropriate format to the right of the drawing title. Materials used may be concrete or reinforced masonry. Depending on the quantity of water that makes its way through the upper screen, a drainage system at the surface of the foundation wall is generally required to direct this water expeditiously toward the base of the foundation wall and the exit drain. elevations and your other design notes to create accurate and to Prefabricated Synthetic Drainage Layers—These products consist of a combination of plastic composite drainage cores with adhered geotextile fabrics. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep. PVC and polyethylene pipes are available in smooth or corrugated configurations and are slotted on the bottom half of their cross-section to allow water infiltration. Choose a drawing scale Based on some extensive excavation and waterproofing experience, it has been found that corrugated PVC drain tile piping can collapse under the weight of backfill, and the preference is to use stiffer PVC pipe if possible. Finish Functions—Two areas of finishes are of importance in relation to foundation walls. b) The width of the foundation strip is in accordance with Table 12 of approved document A1/2 in section E1 of the building regulations. Full compliance with manufacturers' recommendations and recognized industry standards is recommended, and should be reflected in the appropriate sections of the project specifications. The foundation wall of a building may be a cast-in-place concrete retaining or basement wall or a structural wall complete with load-bearing pilasters. For emerging issues refer to General Overview section. Sewer pipe penetrations, water line entry penetrations, drain basins in the floor slab or sleeves for electrical, gas or communication are all common penetrations, typically with their own design or detailed features. time it takes to draw them by hand. ceiling heights, soffits, moldings and cabinetry. Design considerations include selecting an appropriate design to achieve the required flow rate. Vertical loads exist from the dead, live and lateral loads from the structure and the wall itself. layers. structural design for the house, that is, determined the required size Lots shall be graded so as to drain surface water away from foundation walls. This tutorial will In fact, in some situations, conditioned below grade spaces are subjected to a constant inward vapor drive during summer as the interior space is air conditioned, and in the winter the interior space is heated resulting in a lower vapor pressure than the exterior condition as the soil stays relatively constant in terms of vapor pressure. Waterproofing is more effective in eliminating the risk of leakage and may be no more expensive than dampproofing, depending on the material used. Start by drawing the width of WBDG is a gateway to up-to-date information on integrated 'whole building' design techniques and technologies. Coarse sands varying from No. The foundation wall of a building may be a cast-in-place concrete retaining or basement wall or a structural wall complete with load-bearing pilasters. cross section for only a very narrow line drawn through the stairs, you The provisions of this chapter shall control the design and construction of the foundation and foundation spaces for buildings. In addition, mechanical attachment of insulation or other materials that would penetrate or place stress on the membrane should be avoided. Pile transmits load either by skin friction or bearing. Waterstops should be utilized at construction joints in below grade walls, footings, slabs, and other elements where a waterproof system is required. See the cross section drawing above. exterior wall layers where some layers are very thin, you will want Include the: Next draw both the upper and lower lines of all It is recommended that a 60 mil PVC membrane or polyolefin membrane be used, set on a concave sand bed and fastened to the foundation wall with a stainless steel termination bar with standard waterproofing applied to the wall above that point. One potential disadvantage is the inability of some liquid products to span cracks or opening of construction joints, which may occur on new buildings soon after application. If you are just starting out with your home design, check out our free Home Design Tutorial. All exterior walls and interior load-bearing walls should … appropriate for the size As well as the small selection of Strip Foundation, Trench Foundation and Raft Foundation Detail Drawings shown here, many of the Building Notes have a related Construction Detail Drawing, with specific dimensions eg rafter sizes, spans, insulation types, for purchase with the Building Specifications. by the program. Isolation, insulation and waterproofing of certain piping that undergoes large temperature changes are often underestimated for resulting movement. Footings are constructed symmetrically to their mass … The interior environment that the foundation wall is subjected to includes environmental control loadings such as thermal and moisture. your floor plan that cuts through a section of the house for which Other surfaces such as gas pipes, signal or electrical should generally be done with due consideration for the nature of the sleeve through the exterior wall and the depth below grade of the penetration. Dampproofing resists vapor migration in the absence of hydrostatic pressure. Figures 4-9 through 4-11, and 4-15 show configurations with insulation on the exterior surface of the foundation. The Auto Detail tool is available in cross section views and quickly adds basic concrete, wall insulation and siding patterns to the view with a single click. often to answer questions, you will not have to detail items that This view will help the Check out our free House Design tutorial, from initial home planning to creating full construction drawings. With bentonite systems, lapping of bentonite sheets is typically backlapped from the exterior if concrete placement involves pouring from the top of the wall. Non-woven products are typically continuously extruded and spun and then needle-punched to create uniform openings that can be selected depending on the design. These systems are advantageous in their lightweight design and cost effectiveness. Thermal considerations are of limited concern as one gets deeper down on the foundation wall as there is a constant, thermal design condition on the exterior. Pile is a slender member with a small cross-sectional area compared to its length. Negative systems are generally limited to cementitious systems. are designing a home that does not follow the standards for your Dampproofing is always applied on the positive side, or wet side, of the structural element. They form a gap of desired size. In these cases the remaining part of the system is a dampproofing applied directly to the exterior surface of the foundation wall. For surface moisture loadings such as rain and snow, the first line of control is the upper screen at the exterior surface. Many waterproofing membranes need to be shielded from ultraviolet radiation to prevent deterioration and as such some type of exterior finish is required. Common areas of concern for waterstops are at corners and laps in the materials. Descriptions and guidelines are provided on the following topics: Drainage Materials for below grade enclosures include: Aggregate Drainage Layers—Aggregate drainage layers include graded pea-gravel aggregate or coarse sands. Special treatment is also needed at all door entries. Innovative Solutions for the Built Environment Laps should be installed so that the upper sheet is lapped over the lower sheet so that water is shed naturally across the lap. of RDH Group, Scott A. Harvey, AIA, RWC, LEED AP of Applied Building Sciences, and Joshua Kelly of Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. footing/foundation cross section. Section drawings are a specific type of drawing architects use to illustrate a building or portion of a building. tutorial will demonstrate how to draw this cross section. However, the time it takes to learn how to use a design program to The actual design and configuration will vary based on applicable local, state, and national building code requirements, climate considerations, and economic constraints unique to each project. The second area is the finish to the exterior near grade level. carry the weight of floors and roofs to foundations. If heat-welded seaming is employed and loose-hung membranes are tough and protected from damage by protection board, they may be effective waterproofing materials, but if a leak occurs, the leak will be difficult to locate and correct due to the loose application of the waterproofing layer in those cases. On the floor plan drawing above, at the upper and lower left there are two "A"s surrounded by circular icons with an arrow. requirements and who is building the house. The key advantage to fluid systems is their monolithic nature and self-flashing abilities as the material is applied in liquid form. National Institute of Building Sciences Most building codes require dampproofing as a minimum amount of moisture protection. If the cross section is of the foundation wall, you would see the depth of the footing, the height of the foundation wall, the detail of the sill, as well as the exterior wall, as it is intended to be constructed, on the top of the foundation wall. This separation of differing soil types maintains flow rates of soils used as drainage layers and minimizes settlement from finer materials filling in more coarse materials. Label the height of the windows, either from the floor or ceiling. Important design considerations include sloping the surface away from the structure, providing a suitable drainage system from the upper screen through the granular backfill, and a synthetic drainage layer that extends down to the perimeter drain. The drawing below is the resulting A-A cross section. The arrow indicates in Understanding the specific chemical admixture is important in determining its potential performance in below-grade dampproofing or waterproofing applications. It is entirely up to you how thick a section Waterstops are manufactured products available in a wide range of configurations and sizes. These walls may also be used in the lateral resisting system for the building. Qualitative reinforcement of the slab Foundation should have two layers. Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics. The details associated with this section of the BEDG on the WBDG were developed by committee and are intended solely as a means to illustrate general design and construction concepts only. which direction the cross section "looks". Only include the framing materials in this drawing, not the finished This cooling effect combined with general poor air circulation in underground spaces can result in condensation on interior wall surfaces. 8 sieve are suitable. There is a combination of environmental design loadings at this interface such as surface water, runoff, and cavity wall drainage. Cross section drawings show views of the home as Wall expansion joints should be designed to accommodate the anticipated structural movement. Bentonite clays act as waterproofing by swelling when exposed to moisture thus becoming impervious to water. and looked in from the resulting opening. If you have a very Cross sections also Backfilling with native, poor draining soil is not recommended as this will maintain an active water load on the foundation wall and limit its ability to control moisture ingress to the interior. Although negative side waterproofing is advantageous from the standpoint of repair ability, most foundation wall applications utilize positive side waterproofing, because the force of nature is on your side, pushing the waterproofing against the backup. materials aside from sections that specifically detail wall or floor For codes/standards refer to General Overview section. Figure 2 is an overall schematic that characterizes the four functions i.e. In general, drainage core widths of 1/4 to 1/2 inch provide drainage flow rates 3 to 5 times the rate of commonly used natural backfill materials. Clay panels and geotextile sheets are popular for use in blind-side waterproofing applications such as on retaining earth systems and elevator and sump pits. Footings support the foundation, which supports the house. You can use a home design program to create your Waterproofing membranes are predominantly applied to the positive (exterior) face of the foundation wall, however, there are negative-side waterproofing systems that can be applied to the interior of the foundation wall, and blind-side waterproofing systems that can be pre-applied to a support-of-excavation wall resulting in a waterproofing system installed on the positive side. The designer must consider the overall water management system relative to site conditions and loadings to determine if dampproofing or waterproofing is required. In many cases the exterior façade element, whether it be brick, stone, etc., is carried down to just below grade level to properly transition and protect this sensitive area. Portions of the building permanently below the water table may require more redundant systems. These systems provide a secondary barrier to the passage of water across these construction joints. Feb 16, 2015 - This Pin was discovered by Tara Rice. However, since some municipalities charge for water pumping into storm drain systems, these costs must be weighed over the life of the structure when designing the waterproofing systems. Assisting were Judd Peterson of Judd Allen Group and David Young, P.Eng., P.E. Dampproofing materials are generally applied by sprayer, roller, brush, or trowel and are often bitumen based coatings; typically applied up to 10 mils (0.25 mm) in thickness. Foundation walls for three (3) story buildings over 25' 0" in height shall be a minimum of twelve inches (12") in thickness. If Bentonite clay is unconfined, it can shrink upon drying, creating gaps that undermine waterproofing characteristics. Surcharge loadings may include live loads from pedestrian walkways or from vehicular roadways. region, for instance you are planning to frame your exterior walls in In most cases, the top of the foundation is required to be a minimum of 12 inches higher than the crown (center) of the adjacent street. though you had sliced down through the house from the top with a saw See our Make Your Own Blueprint tutorial for instructions on creating detailed floor plans. In some cases, the tubes may also be re-injected if leakage persists. This section provides specific description of materials and systems common in foundation walls and below grade building enclosure systems in general. When pumps are to be relied upon to discharge moisture, a backup power system should be provided in the event of power failure. For most portions … Other cases may include an earth retention system, such as piling and timber lagging, facilitating construction and designed to resist the lateral loads leaving the foundation wall to resist primarily vertical loads. cabinetry or furniture will need to be attached to the framing), Any other details that will Bentonite Clays—These systems include composite sodium bentonite systems with HDPE liners and geotextile fabrics, which are more common and more effective than the traditional systems. Asphaltic protection boards are available in 1/16, 1/8 and 1/4 inch in thickness. Construction joints have been effectively treated in most applications by a waterstop manufacturer's recommended details. In general, when properly designed, non-woven products have good filtration and separation properties. Common practice for wall terminations or door entries is to provide slope away from the building as previously indicated. floors and ceilings. details. Typical finish systems may include paints, stucco, or framed walls with drywall. Copyright 2009-2018 The-House-Plans-Guide.com, Molding and trim work (only one centered on the center line of the U, you would then see both It is important that all elements are accurately drawn to scale since builders at the job site will often use an architect's scale to determine where to situate rough openings of windows or doors, ceiling heights, etc. These materials require the presence of moisture to set off a reaction with the concrete. The upper and lower grids connected by props. Bentonite is, therefore, most effective when properly confined so the product can swell to fill voids and so that it cannot be washed away. These flashings are usually stainless steel to resist corrosion in contact with grade soils and moisture. Most waterproofing materials also control vapor diffusion. or exterior finishing, it will be important to provide detailed cross and detail of the cross section. but from a top-down view. Insulation materials used in below grade enclosure applications are primarily limited to rigid extruded polystyrene board due to the need for high compressive strength and moisture absorption resistance. In these cases, the concrete foundation wall is placed against the blind side waterproofing membrane. This upper screen may consist of relatively permeable landscape areas ranging to impermeable pavers, concrete or asphalt surfaces that will shed the majority of surface moisture. Shotcreting can result in undesirable conditions such as voids behind reinforcing steel, and as a result some waterproofing manufacturers do not recommend their products for this application. building plans using the floor, foundation and/or roof framing views. Section Drawing Definition. builder better understand your interior and exterior construction With these softer waterproofing membranes protection board is recommended under the synthetic drainage layer or drainage layers with integral polyethylene backing may also be appropriate. Woven products are constructed using individual threads or filaments and have good strength and stiffness; however, the material can be penetrated by angular aggregate reducing the ability to properly filter or separate fine elements. Some drawings may also be required for individual elements such decorative roof overhang supports or elaborate trim work required in a particular room. A foundation is required to ensure loads from the building are sustained and safely transmitted to the ground. baseboards are to be trimmed in the same way), Cabinetry or custom built It is also possible to Say for instance you want to show the Foundation Spread footings Frame foundation Strip foundation Raft foundation Foundation cases. Penetrations are any openings in the wall or structural system that, if not properly waterproofed, provide an avenue of breech for moisture entry into the building. Next draw the rough openings of all the facing doors and windows. Since dampproofing cannot withstand hydrostatic pressures, it should not be used on structural elements below the water table where the intent is to prevent interior water leakage. The removal of the moisture in the most complete and expeditious manner will decrease the probability for intrusion of water. Proper treatment of this area is critical in terms not only of aesthetics but also durability. Dampproofing/Waterproofing in all situations should be carried up above the upper screen and integrally tied into the building façade flashing and waterproofing. or ceiling joists and any attached flooring (usually plywood, If, however, you are showing the details of Some systems include reinforcing mesh embedded into the liquid. Depth of groundwater table 6. Special emphasis is placed on evacuating the water at the wall base to avoid water build-up in the back fill or drainage system. A special flashing behind face stones of buildings or special flashing and treatment of the exterior slab edge where it is adjacent to ground features is required. Changes to secondary non-character-defining walls and foundations A cross-section of a typical slab looks like this. See the figure above. Fluid-applied membranes are applied in liquid form and cure to form one monolithic seamless membrane. Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (Geotechnical engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures. If the mass of a small building, in reinforced concrete construction allowed the use of a grid with a cross section of the rods from 6 to 10 inches. FOUNDATION/BUILDING CROSS-SECTION. In general, the manufacturer's standard details should be followed. 3. understandable as well as give further design details. Readers are advised to obtain expert advice when designing systems which are below the water table or which are enclosing particularly vulnerable occupancies. Waterproofing membranes can be categorized into four (4) types: Fluid-Applied Systems—These systems include urethanes, rubbers, plastics and modified asphalts. Proper design to connect downspouts into perimeter drain systems directly instead of flowing onto the area directly adjacent to the foundation wall is prudent in design. Gap-grading the sand provides uniform grain size, which accelerates drainage flow rates. several cross sections. If adhesives are used to attach an element to the membrane, the adhesive pattern should be installed in small dabs to allow vertical water discharge and reduce the potential for hydrostatic pressures imposed on the waterproofing membrane. 2015.11.09. show window details such as dimensions, exact locations with respect Soil loadings vary with soil type and whether soil is treated as active or passive. These The drawing below shows section D-D shown on the floor plan from Step 1 "Choose a Cross Section Line". The thickness of a cross section depends on the It is always better to have a continuously bonded and adhered waterproofing layer to reduce the potential for lateral moisture migration beneath the membrane. On the floor plan drawing above, at the upper and lower left there are two "A"s surrounded by circular icons with an arrow. Should you have any questions or comments on the WBDG, please feel free to contract our team at wbdg@nibs.org. Both the local planning department and the Typically constructed with flexible PVC, permeable grout injection tubes are installed in construction joints and are injected with grout only if leakage is observed. The key question that remains is whether to provide dampproofing or waterproofing to the surface of the foundation wall or not at all. Areas designed as pedestrian areas should also include consideration for emergency vehicular loadings. Materials used may be concrete or reinforced masonry. Positive-side systems are available in numerous materials and forms. A single segment with all layers is sufficient. Methods for concrete placement include cast-in-place between the lagging and interior forms, or spray applied shotcrete. No part of this web site may be reproduced or copied without written permission. If however, you Penetrations can also become quite exotic such as steam penetrations or other features that require special treatment. The minimum practical depth of foundation should not be less than 50 cm. The geotextile fabrics retain sand, soil, concrete, or grout allowing water to migrate into the free draining core. segments of the stairs. For positive side applications, the installation of protection boards or insulation layers as quickly as possible after membrane installation is critical to prevent mechanical damage form subsequent layers and backfill and form ultraviolet radiation. For treatment of leaks providing amplified external drainage media similar to that required on the exterior wall is highly effective. Notre that leakage may occur at a penetration and flow behind the waterproofing if a lateral path exists. Condensation is possible in below grade conditions in warmer more humid summer conditions as below grade spaces tend to be cooler in the summer because of the insulating effect of the backfill soil. Sheet-Membrane Systems—Sheet membranes used in foundation wall applications include thermoplastics, vulcanized rubbers, and rubberized asphalts. Also detail ceiling heights, area names and any other elements to lend clarity to the drawing. Foundations. IRC foundation wall provisions have evolved from similar provisions in the CABO One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code and Standard Building Code. The drainage board should have the protection sheet on the backside of the core to promote better movement against the insulation. Typical hydrostatic and soil pressures generally range from 30 to 62.4 psf per foot of depth. Complete your floor plan drawings before drawing cross sections. For application from the exterior, the next design decision is to use fluid applied or sheet products. Some municipalities also limit pumping of groundwater as this can lower groundwater levels and affect the support of adjacent structures. It is used to transmit foundation loads to a deeper soil or rock strata when the bearing capacity of soil near the surface is relatively low. The best design intentions in selecting and detailing waterproofing systems can be undermined through damage from construction. The thickness of these systems varies from 20 to 120 mils. If the section shows details through Other materials sometimes used as protection layers are extruded polystyrene rigid board insulation or prefabricated synthetic drainage layers. Dampproofing is not intended to control liquid water leakage through the foundation wall; waterproofing is required to control water leakage. Caution is advised with use over softer liquid applied materials as the drainage layer may dig into and breach the membrane. in the first step. When designing the thermal, protection, and drainage elements to the exterior of below grade foundation walls, a slip plane should be introduced vertically within the assembly. Figure 4.6 depicts the cross-section and dimensions for analysis of concrete lintels. At times these systems are run internally in the interior surface finish system or in ceiling space. The more complex the home design, the more cross Moisture that penetrates through the upper screen needs to be directed to the exit drain located at the base of the foundation wall. Sealing these generally requires application of elastomeric boots that seal to the housing and to the exterior pipe. The first two systems can be applied as negative-side or positive-side waterproofing.