babylonian clothing wikipedia
The discovery then allowed him to rebuild the temple properly. Though no direct evidence exists[34], Babylon appears to have been punished severely for the revolt. Umstritten ist, ob sie nach dem Tod ihres Mannes als Mitregentin des minderjährigen Sohnes selbst für einige Jahre die Macht übernahm, bis Adad-nīrārī III. With these chaotic primordial forces defeated, Marduk created the world and ordered the heavens. Babylonien (assyrisch: Karduniaš; altägyptisch: Sangar) bezeichnet eine Landschaft am Unterlauf der Flüsse Euphrat und Tigris, zwischen der heutigen irakischen Stadt Bagdad und dem Persischen Golf. Die Wissenschaftler nutzten weiterhin die akkadische Sprache und Schrift. [46], In Mesopotamian religion, Marduk was a creator god. There is for instance evidence that the city Ashkelon was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II in 604 BC. Neo-Babylonian temples combined features of palaces and residential houses. 1155 v. Chr. Kurze Zeit später eroberte Assur aber Babylon. After the Fall of Nineveh in 612 BC, the territory of the Neo-Assyrian Empire had been split between Babylon and the Medes, with the Medes being granted the northern Zagros mountains while Babylon took Transpotamia (the countries west of the Euphrates) and the Levant, but the precise border between the two empires and the degree to which the former Assyrian heartland was divided between them is unknown. Die Griechen tolerierten die babylonische Kultur und erweiterten sie um das Theater und zusätzliche Errungenschaften der griechischen Zivilisation. [64] Inscriptions from the Ebabbara temple in Sippar suggests that temples could field as many as 14% of their dependents in times of crisis (for the Ebabbara this would account for 180 soldiers), but that the number was usually much lower (with the most common number of soldiers supplied by the Ebabbara being 50 soldiers). Die beiden Reiche schlossen in diesem Zusammenhang ein Bündnis. In Babylonia, in place of the bas-relief, there was a preponde… Because of their religious significance, temples were present in all major cities, with trade and population growth being stimulated by the presence of a temple. Hammurapis Bündnispolitik hatte sich bewährt. The deities typically wore melam, an ambiguous substance which "covered them in terrifying splendor" and which could also be worn by heroes, kings, giants, and even demons. His 587 BC destruction of Jerusalem ended the Kingdom of Judah and scattered its populace, with many of its elite citizens being sent back to Babylon, initiating a period known as the Babylonian Captivity. Damit wurde Babylonien zum dominierenden Reich in Mesopotamien.[1]. Nicht zuletzt unter tatkräftiger Mitwirkung von Šammuramat, die als Vorbild der Legende von Semiramis gilt, fand das assyrische Reich bald zu seiner Stärke zurück und zwang nun umgekehrt den Thronerben in Babylon in die Rolle des Vasallen. The myths were u… Ancient Babylon was officially conquered by the Achaemenid Persian Empire in the late 6th century BC. The vast majority of these levies from the temples seved in the army as archers, equipped with bows, arrows (each archer was supplied with 40–60 arrows), bow-cases and daggers. These two gods gave birth to other deities. Neo-Babylonians also revived the ancient Sargonic practice of appointing a royal daughter to serve as priestess of the moon-god Sîn. As such, Nabonidus was hated by the Babylonian clergy. Er entwickelte außerordentliche Fähigkeiten als Staatsmann, Heerführer, Friedensstifter und Bauherr. Gegen Ende des dritten Jahrzehnts seiner Herrschaft änderte sich Hammurapis Politik ab 1765 v. Chr. The Babylonian Empire (about 2000 B.C.) The exterior walls of houses were unadorned, blank and windowless. It is possible that the sacred statue of Marduk, which represented the physical manifestation of Babylon's patron deity Marduk, was removed by Xerxes from Babylon's main temple, the Esagila, at this time. [83] Nebuchadnezzar focused his defensive building projects on northern Babylonia, believing this region to be the most likely point of attack for his enemies, and also rebuilt the walls of northern cities such as Kish, Borsippa and Babylon itself while leaving the walls of southern cities, such as Ur and Uruk, as they were. [45] The history of worship of Marduk is intimately tied to the history of Babylon itself and as Babylon's power increased, so did the position of Marduk relative to that of other Mesopotamian gods. [74][75], The troops of the Neo-Babylonian Empire would have been supplied by all parts of its complex administrative structure – from the various cities of Babylonia, from the provinces in Syria and Assyria, from the tribal confederations under Babylonian rule and from the various client kingdoms and city-states in the Levant. die Thronfolge an. [2] Teile der Bevölkerung wurden in das babylonische Exil geführt, das erst in der Perserzeit aufgegeben wurde. This palace also adjoined the Processional Street on its eastern side, but its ruins are poorly preserved and as such its structure and appearance are not entirely understood. [42], The Book of Revelation in the Christian Bible refers to Babylon many centuries after it ceased to be a major political center. [82] In most cities, the ziggurat was located within the temple complex but the ziggurat in Babylon, called the Etemenanki, had its own complex and set of walls separate from those of the city's main temple, the Esagila. Sie erweiterten das Reich vom Euphrat bis zum Zagrosgebirge und machten das Land zur Großmacht. Babylon war eine Stadt im Altertum. [55][56], After Babylonia regained its independence, Neo-Babylonian rulers were deeply conscious of the antiquity of their kingdom and pursued a highly traditionalist policy, reviving much of the ancient Sumero-Akkadian culture. Sein Sohn Assurhaddon versuchte, die Stadt wieder aufzubauen und im alten Glanz erstrahlen zu lassen. Aššur-uballiṭ II of Assyria according to Archival Sources", "A Brief Study of Some Aspects of Babylonian Mathematics", "Tiglath-pileser III, king of Assyria (744-727 BC)", Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neo-Babylonian_Empire&oldid=1011547975, States and territories established in the 7th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 11 March 2021, at 14:02. The temples were chiefly institutions for caring for the gods and for conducting various rituals. [38] It is likely that only a small number of scholars knew how to write Akkadian by the time of the Parthian kings and the old Babylonian temples became increasingly undermanned and underfunded as people were drawn to the new Mesopotamian capitals, such as Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Im 5. Slave women were often given as part of a dowry to help daughters of free men and women in their household or in raising children. They had a central courtyard, completely enclosed on all sides, with the principal room, dedicated to the deity, often being located towards the south and the temple's entrance being located on the side opposite to this principal room. Major Deities. [79] The Babylonian king was traditionally a builder and restorer, and as such large-scale building projects were important as a legitimizing factor for Babylonian rulers. Hammurapi war von 1792 v. Chr. Babylon remained culturally distinct for centuries, with references to individuals with Babylonian names and references to the Babylonian religion being known from as late as the Parthian period in the 1st century BC. The exact origin of Nabopolassar is uncertain and he has variously been referred to as a Assyrian, a Babylonian and a Chaldean. [66], The Neo-Babylonian period saw marked population growth in Babylonia, with the number of known settlements increasing from the previous 134 to the Neo-Babylonian 182, with the average size of these settlements also increasing. Das sogenannte Altbabylonische Reich fand damit sein Ende. [21] Sinsharishkun's successor Ashur-uballit II, the final king of Assyria, was defeated at Harran in 609 BC. Why Nabonidus spent a decade away from his capital there is unknown, though it might have been out of fear either of Babylon's political and religious officials who resented this city representing another prominent place for worship of the moon or due to Belshazzar's increasing influence at court. [51], Artists in the Neo-Babylonian period continued the artistic trends of previous periods, showing similarities with the artwork of the Neo-Assyrian period in particular. The idea allowed rich individuals to use their money to finance businesses by capable individuals who might not otherwise have had the means to carry out their trade (for instance second sons who hadn't inherited as much money as first-born sons). From June to August of that year, they besieged the Assyrian capital and in August the walls were breached, leading to another lengthy and brutal sack during which Sinsharishkun is assumed to have died. Biblical accounts of the exile; Archaeological and other non-Biblical evidence; Exilic literature; Significance in Jewish history; Chronology Jehuda versuchte mehrere Aufstände, die nach ihrer Niederschlagung zu einer zweimaligen Eroberung und schließlich 587 v. Chr. Babylone 1 - First Babylonian dynasty - Wikipedia. Costume History. The Euphrates also flows … verheiratete seinen Sohn Schamschi-Adad V. mit der Babylonierin Šammuramat. The new king very openly elevated Sîn's status in the empire, dedicating more attention to this god than to Babylon's national god Marduk. The king largely responsible for Babylonia’s rise to power was Hammurabi (reigned c. 1792–1750 BCE). [17], In November of 626 BC, Nabopolassar was formally crowned as King of Babylon, restoring Babylonia as an independent kingdom after more than a century of direct Assyrian rule. It is probable that the actual control Babylon held over these territories was variable. den Thron. The Assyrians had displaced populations throughout their vast empire, but the practice under the Babylonian kings seems to have been more limited, only being used to establish new populations in Babylonia itself. Slaves mentioned in connection to farming and agriculture are usually not forced laborers. [49][50], For the most part, surviving sources related to the Neo-Babylonian justice system are tablets containing letters and lawsuits. [35] It was first under the rule of the Parthian Empire that Babylon was gradually abandoned as a major urban center and the old Akkadian culture truly disappeared. Babylon was the capital city of the ancient Babylonian empire, which itself is a term referring to either of two separate empires in the Mesopotamian area in antiquity. planetary movements) for the year 75 AD. Alexander der Große traf 333 v. Chr. König. What Type of Clothing Did Ancient Babylonians Wear? One of the most common scenes depicted in such seals are heroes, sometimes depicted with wings, about to strike beasts with their curved swords. grundlegend. These citizen militias were, just like the archers raised by the temples, divided and organized by profession. The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in Jewish history during which a number of people from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylonia. Babylonian mythology was greatly influenced by their Sumerian counterparts, and was written on clay tablets inscribed with the cuneiform script derived from sumerian cuneiform. [69], The king was also the single most important landowner within the empire, with there being several large swaths of land placed under direct royal control throughout Babylonia. Nebuchadnezzar was one of the greatest kings of the Babylonian Empire. Albert Terrien de Lacouperie (1845–1894) first proposed that a massive migration brought the basic elements of early civilization to China, but in this original form the theory was largely discredited. Most of these decorations are symbols of lions (associated with the goddess Ishtar) flowers, mušḫuššu (a mythological creature associated with the god Marduk) and oxen (associated with the god Adad). There was also a third royal palace in the city, the Summer Palace, built some distance north of the inner city walls in the northernmost corner of the outer walls (also constructed by Nebuchadnezzar II). [26] Neriglissar was a simmagir, a governor of one of the eastern provinces, and had been present during several of Nebuchadnezzar's campaigns. The culture of the Assyrians is both distinct from those of neighbouring ethnic groups as well as ancient. [83], Though many processional streets are described in inscriptions from the Neo-Babylonian period, the only such street excavated yet is the main Processional Street of Babylon. The evidence of these civilizations' clothing remains on sculptures, pottery, and in writings left on tablets and royal tombs. Man kennt es heute als wichtige Hochkultur. [18] Both Uruk and Nippur, the cities who had shifted the most between Assyrian and Babylonian control were firmly in Babylonian hands by 620 BC and Nabopolassar had consolidated his rule over all of Babylonia. Priester und Volk wandten sich daher von Nabonid ab. Im Jahr 562 v. Chr. Prophecies sometimes symbolically link the kings of Babylon with Lucifer. vom semitischen Stamm der Amoriter unter Sumu-abum gegründet. Er verstand es zunächst ohne kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen mit den benachbarten Stadtstaaten und Reichen, deren politische Situation auszunutzen und kontrollierte bald durch die schmalste Stelle zwischen Euphrat und Tigris wichtige Handelswege. Middle Babylonian Period (1595 - 1000 BC) The Kassite Dynasty, Kadashman-Enlil I and Burnaburiash II, Kurigalzu II, Elam and Assyria, Dur Kurigalzu a New Capital, The Kudurru, Nebuchadnezzar I, The Aramaeans, The Culture. Nach dem Tode Alexanders des Großen verwüsteten Kriege seiner zerstrittenen Heerführer das gesamte Gebiet. The story is told of how Nebuchadnezzar II, in his efforts to restore the Temple at Sippar, had to make repeated excavations until he found the foundation deposit of Naram-Sin of Akkad. Nabopolassar only arrived at Assur after the plunder had already begun and met with Cyaxares, allying with him and signing an anti-Assyrian pact. The rivers are the Tigris and Euphrates which flow through modern Iraq. Costume History. The empire evidently enjoyed direct rule in Syria, as indicated in Nebuchadnezzar's building inscription ("governors of Hatti", "Hatti" referring to the Syro-Hittite city-states in the region) and other inscriptions referencing a governor in the city Arpad. Sometimes slaves who showed good business sense were allowed to serve in trade or through managing part of a family business. In Uruk, animals, rather than some type of plant, were the main cash crop. The former Assyrian heartland was probably divided between the Babylonians and the Medes, with the Babylonians incorporating the south into their empire and the Medes gaining the north. Jeder Versuch Nebukadnezars, das Reich auszudehnen, wurde von den Assyrern beobachtet und zum Teil verhindert. [21] In April or May 612 BC, at the start of Nabopolassar's fourteenth year as King of Babylon, the combined Medo-Babylonian army marched on Nineveh. Based on the scarce evidence that exist pertaining to ancient Babylonian culture, men and women wore skirts and shawls that resembled the style of ancient Sumerians. Some sources suggest that the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, were built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife as to remind her of her homeland (though the existence of these gardens is debated). May 5, 2019 - Assyrian and Babylonian culture. In times of war, the entire Babylonian army would have been assembled by an official called the dēkû ("mobilizer") sending word to the many rab qašti, who then organized all the ešertu. Plünderungen und Zerstörungen führten zu einer Hungersnot. Painted terracotta cones for torches were also embedded in the plaster. The city of Babylon, whose ruins are located in present-day Iraq, was founded more than 4,000 years ago as a The permission to do so was explicitly written in a proclamation, today called the Cyrus Cylinder, wherein Cyrus also justified his conquest of Babylonia as having been the will of Marduk. [27], Nabonidus left Babylonia to campaign in the Levant and then settled for ten years in Tayma (which he had conquered during the campaign) in northern Arabia, another site for worship of the moon. Each of the sides of the courtyard had a central door, leading into the main room of each side, from which one could access the other smaller rooms of the houses. zur vollständigen Zerstörung Jerusalems und des Tempels Salomons, des höchsten Heiligtums der Juden, führten. Akkadian literature is the ancient literature written in the Akkadian language (Assyrian and Babylonian dialects) in Mesopotamia (Assyria and Babylonia) during the period spanning the Middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age (roughly the 23rd to 6th centuries BC).. The only one of the two have been confidently located is known as the Habl al-Shar and stretched from Euphrates to the Tigris at the point the two rivers were the closest, some distance north of the city Sippar. [20] In July or August of 614 BC, the Medes began attacking the cities of Kalhu and Nineveh. This population growth was probably because of increasing prosperity in Babylonia, combined with the resettlement of subjugated peoples and the possible return of peoples that had been resettled under the Neo-Assyrian Empire. J.-C. (période dite paléo-babylonienne, ou amorrite).Le texte de base pour l’étude de cette langue est le Code de Hammurabi.Cet état de langue comporte plusieurs variantes régionales : à Babylone, Larsa, Eshnunna, Suse, Terqa ou encore Mari pour les cas les mieux connus. Although Babylonian worship of Marduk never meant the denial of the existence of the other gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon, it has sometimes been compared to monotheism. [53][54], The technique of colored glaze was improved and perfected by Neo-Babylonian artists. Durch zahlreiche innere Unruhen und durch Angriffe von außen geschwächt, wurde es schließlich von dem Hethiterkönig Muršili I. May 9, 2020 - Explore Judith Kingsbury's board "Ancient Babylonian Clothing" on Pinterest. By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 30, 2020 2:11:13 PM ET. Nebuchadnezzar II, sometimes conflated with Nabonidus, appears as the foremost ruler in this narrative. [63] Rent farmers were personally liable for accidents and falling short of the quota and there are many records of rent farmers giving up or sometimes being required to sell their own possessions and assets to the temple as compensation. During the religiously important New Year's festival at Babylon, the statue was removed from the temple and paraded through Babylon before being placed in a smaller building outside the city walls, where the statue received fresh air and could enjoy a different view from the one it had from inside the temple. Marduk was the patron deity of the city Babylon, having held this position since the reign of Hammurabi (18th century BC) in Babylon's first dynasty. These structures required constant maintenance and supervision to function. By 600 BC, Babylon was seen by the Babylonians and possibly by their subject peoples as being the literal and figurative center of the world. Babylonian Astronomers: LLC, Books: Amazon.com.au: Books. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt änderte Assyrien die Politik gegenüber Babylon und schlug einen harten Kurs ein. [63], The exact administrative structure of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and its government remains somewhat unclear due to a lack of relevant sources. Like their predecessors, the Assyrians, the Neo-Babylonian kings also used deportation as a means of control. Baked bricks, such as the ones used in Nebuchadnezzar's great walls, were used for certain parts, such as the paving in rooms which were to be exposed to water and in the courtyard. Contents. Nebuchadnezzar's 43-year reign would bring with it a golden age for Babylon, which was to become the most powerful kingdom in the Middle East. Babylonian and Assyrian Clothing. Ottoman influence came in the shape of cupolas and minarets dotted through the imagined appearances of the ancient city. Nabonidus’ return c. 543 BC was accompanied with a reorganization of his court and the removal of some of its more influential members. Hadad (or Adad) - storm and rain god; Enlil (or Ashur) - god of air, head of the Assyrian and Sumerian pantheon; Anu (or An) - god of heaven and the sky, lord of constellations, and father of the gods; Dagon (or Dagan) - god of fertility; Enki (or Ea) - god of the Abzu, crafts, water, intelligence, mischief and creation and divine ruler of the Earth and its humans [48], The most common form of business partnership recorded from Neo-Babylonian sources is called the harrānu, which involved a senior financing partner and a junior working partner (who did all the work, using the money provided by the senior partner). The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in Jewish history during which a number of people from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylon, the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.. Th… [57], Ancient artworks from the heyday of Babylonia's imperial glory were treated with near-religious reverence and were painstakingly preserved. This act, combined with Nabonidus' clear favoring of Sîn over Marduk, had facilitated strong resentment towards the king, and Cyrus' conquest was welcomed by the Babylonian populace. nach einer kurzen militärischen Auseinandersetzung besiegt. Nach dem Sieg der Perser wurde Babylonien zu einer wichtigen Satrapie des Achämenidenreiches. [27], The perpetrators of the assassination, the influential courtier Nabonidus and his son Belshazzar, then took power. [9], The population of Babylonia in this so-called Post-Kassite or Middle Babylonian period was composed of two main groups; the native Babylonians themselves (composed of the descendants of the Sumerians and Akkadians and the assimilated Amorites and Kassites) and recently arrived, and at this point more or less unassimilated, tribesmen (such as the Arameans and Chaldeans). Sie konnte 612 v. Chr. Importantly, Neriglissar was also married to one of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters and he was as such linked to the royal family. Der rasche Niedergang des babylonischen Reichs begann. Roofs were composed of straw-tempered murd overlaying reeds or reed matting, which in turn overlaid local timbers. After the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BCE, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon besieged Jerusalem, resulting in tribute being paid by King Jehoiakim. Das Reich von Babylon nennt man Babylonien. [28], Cyrus claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ancient Babylonian kings and the avenger of Marduk, who was assumed to be wrathful at the impiety of Nabonidus, who had removed the statues of the local gods from their ancestral shrines to his capital Babylon. [27], In 539 BC Cyrus the Great, the Achaemenid king of Persia, revolted against his suzerain Astyages, king of Media, at Ecbatana. Babylonian mythology is a set of stories depicting the activities of Babylonian deities, heroes, and mythological creatures. Beautiful vessels ornamented with sparkling gold were buried with the kings. Nabonid war Anhänger des Gottes Sin und wollte die Macht der Marduk-Priesterschaft eindämmen. Nabonid überließ den Schutz des Reiches seinem Sohn Belsazar und zog sich in die Oase Tayma zurück, 1000 Kilometer entfernt von Babylon. Here's an 'at-a-glance' map of ancient Rome as it looked in the 2nd Century A.D. The defeat of the Assyrians and the transfer of empire to Babylon marked the first time the city, and southern Mesopotamia in general, had risen to dominate the Ancient Near East since the collapse of Hammurabi's Old Babylonian Empire nearly a thousand years prior. [67] The Neo-Babylonian period also saw a dramatic increase in urbanization, reversing a trend of ruralization which southern Mesopotamia had experienced since the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire. Starke Streitigkeiten mit der Priesterschaft führten dazu, dass sich 556 v. Chr. About Wikipedia; Disclaimers; Search. Workers within the temples had to be "fit" for service and were not slaves or temple dependents (unlike those who served the temples by cultivating food and other supplies). See more ideas about ancient, mesopotamia, ancient mesopotamia. Ihre Hauptstadt Susa wurde völlig zerstört. Während dieser Zeit wurde aus den Astrallehren der Babylonier die chaldäische Astrologie entwickelt, die später den Boden für die hellenistische bildete. Anschließend ging er gegen die Elamiter vor, die nach einem jahrelangen Krieg unterlagen. This hatred was increased when Nabonidus increased governmental control over the temples in an attempt to solve ongoing management problems with the empire's religious institutions. Mit ihm begann das sogenannte Neubabylonische Reich. [39], The latest dated document written in accordance with the old scribal tradition in Akkadian cuneiform is from 35 BC and contains a prayer to the god Marduk. [25], Nebuchadnezzar's most famous campaigns today are his wars in the Levant. 03.09.2019 - Assyrian and Babylonian culture. According to the Bible, he conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and sent the Jews into exile. The Neo-Babylonian Empire, also known as the Second Babylonian Empire[5] and historically known as the Chaldean Empire,[6] was the last of the Mesopotamian empires to be ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia. Even though Aramaic had become the everyday tongue, Akkadian was retained as the language of administration and culture. Er vereinigte die lokalen Volksstämme und verbündete sich mit den Medern, die das Erbe der Elamiter im Osten antraten. [14], Early in the reign of the Neo-Assyrian king Sinsharishkun, the southern[n 4] official or general Nabopolassar used ongoing political instability in Assyria, caused by an earlier brief civil war between Sinsharishkun and the general Sin-shumu-lishir, to revolt. Although the Neo-Babylonian Empire supplanted the Neo-Assyrian Empire as the major Mesopotamian empire of its time, the exact extent to which Babylon inherited and retained the lands of this preceding empire is unknown. Cavalry and chariots were also supplied by the temples, but there are few known inscriptions detailing their equipment, relative number or leadership structure. Babylon war die Hauptstadt des gle… Cylinder seals increasingly fell into disuse over the course of the Neo-Babylonian century, eventually being entirely replaced by stamp seals. Mar 2, 2015 - Explore Jannah Morales's board "Assyrian & Babylonian Costume", followed by 135 people on Pinterest. The national dress both in Assyria and in Babylonia. As a result, Babylon was conquered in 730 BC by the Assyrians and Kassites. [77] The Neo-Babylonian army is also likely to have bolstered its numbers through conscripting soldiers from the tribal confederacies within the empire's territory and through hiring mercenaries (the presence of Greek mercenaries in the army of Nebuchadnezzar II is known from a poem). Babylonian and Assyrian dress, although simple in cut, like that with which we have hitherto dealt, had reached a high degree of excellence in respect of material and trimming. [13] The Assyrian conquest began a century-long struggle for Babylonian independence against Assyria. Nebuchadnezzar's son and successor, Amel-Marduk, reigned for only two years before being assassinated in a coup by the influential courtier Neriglissar. First Babylonian dynasty. Old-Babylonian fire clay plaque from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq.jpg. Babylonian temples were thus massive structures of crude brick, supported by buttresses. eingenommen. The palace adjoined the central Processional Street on its eastern side and was heavily fortified at its western side (the side facing the Euphrates). had given place to the Assyrian Empire, which by the year 1300 B.C. Nabonidus sent his son Belshazzar to head off the huge Persian army but the Babylonian forces were overwhelmed at the Battle of Opis. The natural conditions of the country are characterized by a warm climate with a sharp temperature fluctuation, river overflow which caused the cult of water in religion and culture.